Endurance sport requires serious repetition that can last for several hours in training and racing. Compromised mechanics, repetitive postures, muscle imbalances, and range of motion restriction will inevitably lead to injury. Injury risk can be minimized if the appropriate steps are taken. Here are three steps to improve durability:

1. Improve Movement Quality

Execution of skilled movement is one of the keys to succeeding at endurance sport. If you move well you will not only improve performance by maximizing economy, but you will minimize injury risk as well. Take running for example:

Running is a high impact. Each step exerts a force of six to eight times the body's weight on the ground. If the technique is performed incorrectly energy leaks are created. That means that if the energy to perform a movement does not go specifically into that task it will cause an increase of stress on the associated joint structures. This trauma may go undetected for weeks and possibly months, but will inevitably lead to injury.

There are technical standards for running, cycling, swimming. That technique should be learned well, and practiced perfectly. The more training is done with less than perfect technique, the more it is reinforced. Video feedback can be an important tool but investing in a coach for swimming, running, or cycling is an invaluable asset.

Moving well requires flexibility and symmetry. If the body's joints are restricted or asymmetrical, technique will be compromised. Joint mobilization should be a regular practice for an endurance athlete. There are several self mysofascial release tools available on the market that work well to open up joints and postures. My clients regularly use foam rolls, the stick, and release balls as part of their warm up and daily maintenance program. Specific mobility needs should be assessed and prescribed by a strength and conditioning specialist.

2. Counter Condition

I've borrowed the term coun·ter·con·di·tion·ing from American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary referring to the replacement of conditioning techniques used to generate a negative conditioned response with a stimulus that will produce a positive response. Counter conditioning is the need to do exactly what you are not doing while training in your sport. Endurance sport requires athletes to do a significant movement in the sagittal plane. Ergo the need to include multidirectional training within a strength program. Exercise that takes place in the transverse and frontal plane should be prescribed to create balance.

Postural imbalances also lead to decrements in performance as well as substantial injury risk. A cyclist that maintains a flexed posture for hours at a time with a posterior pelvic tilt will start to exhibit postural abnormalities. Risk for hip injury and disc herniation become a serious possibility if training continues down that path. A combination of lengthening and strengthening of the appropriate postural muscles will help reverse this process. The hip flexors, spinal errectors, abdominals, gluts, and hamstrings have a profound impact on posture. For more detailed info see Mike Robertson's blog post "Hips don't Lie".

Pictured to the left is a Canadian national team track cyclist. He started training with a strength coach at Sport Synergy following a left hip injury sustained during an intense track cycling training block. It is a distinct posibility that his injury could have been avoided with earlier intervention. Range of motion and strength testing showed decreased psoas strength and increased laxity, abdominal tightness, weakness of spinal errectors, as well as tightness in his gluteal and hamstring musculature. From his posture you can see his low back lacks a natural curve, his head protrudes forward and his upper back sways.

3. Recover

Though often overlooked, recovery is one of the most important factors in improving performance as well as reducing fatigue, burnout, and injury risk. During training tissues are broken down from exercise stress. Recovery builds adaptation to training loads as well as improves strength and endurance. Without recovery, training only serves to weaken an athlete. Recovery is multifaceted, there isn't just one thing that you should do to improve your recovery, there are several. Here are three key ways to improve your recovery:

Nutrition

There is a critical 20 minute window following exercise to ingest a carb/protein mix to enhance recovery. Carbohydrate will help restore muscle glycogen stores. Protein will serve to fuel the muscles to repair and grow stronger. The general accepted carb to protein ratio is 3:1.

Endurance athletes are typically eating enough carbohydrate but not nearly enough protein. Protein is a building block for lean tissue, but also important in recovery. The convention is to ingest .5 to .75 grams per 1 lb body weight daily. As an athlete's training load increases protein consumption should also follow suit.

Rest

It is important to schedule rest days where you are not actually doing anything related to training. Getting a good night's sleep is necessary for optimal recovery. Tissue repair is enhanced due to growth hormone that is released at an increased rate during sleep. For this purpose, napping between training sessions is also recommended.

Soft Tissue Release

Soft tissue release techniques are necessary for breaking down muscle adhesions, decreasing tone in overactive muscles, as well as improving mobility, and movement quality. Myofascial release in the form of massage therapy, active release therapy (A.R.T.), and structural integration are superb ways to enhance regeneration.

There are self myofascial release (SMR) and active release techniques that can be used post workout and on a daily basis. Though less accurate than having professional work performed, regular use of a foam roll, stick, and release ball are all affordable implements that provide important recovery benefits. SMR techniques are also great when used in preparation for training and provide a synergistic effect in enhancing flexibility when combined with mobility work.

Summary

You are not doomed to injury by participating in endurance sport, but there is a need to be proactive. Apply the above principles to your training regimen. In order to be resilient the body needs to be in balance; asymmetries need to be remedied, adequate mobility must be reached, strength needs to be gained, and recovery must be maximized.

A typical mistake endurance athletes make is spending too much time training endurance. That may sound silly, but hear me out. If you are racing in an endurance event (running, cycling, triathlon), you'll note that awards are given out for who finishes the race fastest! So it makes sense that you should not only have the endurance to complete an event, but you should be fast.

The common mantra for the endurance athlete has been to train endurance. But training endurance will never make you fast. If your your goal is to race a 4:15 min/km pace but your average training pace is 5:30 min/km, then my question is: Where is the speed going to come from if you don't train for it??

Many athletes look to achieve a gain in speed by upgrading their gear. Lighter bike/bike components, lighter wheels with decreased rolling resistance, increase aerodynamics, lighter running shoes, etc... Though fun, this can be a very expensive hobby. There is a better solution, get faster!

Speed and endurance are actually inter-related. Consider that your lactate threshold is about 70% of your maximum pace for cycling or running. That means that you can continue performing at that intensity level for prolonged periods without building up fatigue inducing byproduct - lactic acid.

So, it makes sense that if you increase your maximum speed, your endurance performance will also improve. For example, if you raise your theoretical 100% max pace by 20% your 70% pace will now have turned to 84%!! Or in other words, your 5:30 min/km average pace will now have improved to 4:34 min/km. Unfortunately many endurance athletes fall into the trap of limiting their training intensity to the level of their lactate threshold level, and their race performance suffers.

Speed training should assume a more important role in an endurance athlete's training program. Their is certainly need to develop an aerobic base, train long, and train technique, but there is also the need for speed.

A few quick notes about speed training.

1. Speed training is not for everyone. If your goal is simply to finish an endurance event, you won't need speed. But don't expect to train slow, and compete fast.

2. Speed training is not a substitute for building an aerobic base. There is a need for training long, especially when training for ultra distance triathlons like Ironman. However, most programs include too much "junk" mileage and an overemphasis on the development of aerobic capacity as opposed to the anaerobic system. It has however been shown that some of the most effective ways of improving your capacity for aerobic work is achieved through anaerobic training.

3. Technique training should always precede speed training. Good mechanics will improve efficiency and economy. Proper technique will also help you avoid overuse and acute injuries that are related to poor biomechanics.

...stay tuned for Part 2 (how to train speed)

Anterior core refers to the abdominal musculature. These muscles work to stabilize the pelvis during movement and are made to prevent the body from going into extension. Prevention of motion has been considered to be as or more important than the creation of motion in the trunk (by Canadian researcher Dr. Stuart McGill and renown Physical Therapist Shirley Sahrmann). This begs us to ask the question of why the majority of "core" training programs have been spine movement based. Repeat trunk flexion can actually cause disc damage. Crunching in a supine position is also far from functional, in an upright position the abdominal musculature fires in reverse due to gravitational forces. Try to lean backwards while standing and feel your abdominals contract; now bend forward while standing and observe the abdominal musculature relax as the low back musculature contracts. The anterior core while standing actually works to resist extension.

Most of the better exercises for the anterior core are in not included in the "macho" category. Powerlifters commonly believe squats to be a superior core exercise. But exercises like squats activate primarily back extensors (longissimus and multifidus). A shoulder-based loading pattern produces trunk flexion and stimulates the extensors. Push-ups, side bridges, and farmer carries are superior to squats for the external oblique. Squats are great for developing the posterior aspects of the core, but do little for the anterior muscles.

Stuart McGill is a Canadian researcher who has taken the next step. His books, Low Back Disordersand Ultimate Back Fitness and Performance, are the current state of the art in low back health. McGill favors a technique he refers to as "bracing", a technique used to create stiffness in the core by contracting all three abdominal layers, over the Australian technique of "drawing-in" that focuses on firing the deep tissue layer of the abdominals. Gray Cook lands somewhere in between by cuing his clients to get tall and skinny. The exercises used and concepts applied are actually very similar. The difference is in how you elect to initiate stabilization in the core. McGill often speaks about "sparing the spine" while Porterfield and DeRosa, authors of Mechanical Low Back Pain, talk about training the core as anti-rotators. The concept of anti-rotation is a quantum leap in core training. The core muscles are stabilizers first. This is the reason there is such great core activity in isometric bridges.

At the end of the day I think it is important to train the muscles to do what they are intended to do: prevent movement. Let's train the core to do what it does.

Do you want to lose fat the fastest way possible? Afterburn is the key to reaching your fat loss goals the fastest way possible through exercise.

The term ‘afterburn’ refers to the continued burning of calories following a workout; it’s about creating a metabolic boost. Before anything else though, I feel that it’s necessary to debunk the myth that effective fat burning occurs through aerobic training.

Aerobics literally means ‘with oxygen’; when you are performing cardiovascular activities at low to moderate levels you are in the aerobic training zone. Using aerobic training zone coined ‘the fat burning zone’ as the best way to train for fat loss is flawed. When you are performing aerobic exercise in the fat burning zone the primary fuel used for energy is fat, this occurs optimally at 63% of your maximal oxygen uptake. Though this may sound great, as you are literally burning fat while you are working out, it is not all that it is cracked up to be. When the workout stops, your body will return to its regular metabolic rate within minutes, and thus there is no further fat burning effect from this activity.

In a short time your body will adapt to aerobic training. This means that you will have to either increase the distance or speed during your training session to burn the same amount of calories that you did last week. Congratulations you are now an efficient fat burning machine… unfortunately that’s not a good thing. A car that is efficient on gas will use less fuel to take it the same distance that an inefficient car does, think about your body the same way! Using aerobics for fat loss training will actually decrease your metabolic rate, you’ll burn less fat at rest than you did when you started the exercise program.

In the end, to get benefit from aerobic training you will have to increase the intensity to the point where you are not utilizing fat as your main fuel, and getting into something called the anaerobic training zone. My question is, why not start there?

The afterburn effect is achieved most effectively through short bursts of intense activity called intervals. That means you will work hard for a short period, followed by a rest period. Rest is critical because without it you could not work as hard as often. When an active rest period is implemented your body will be able to recover adequately to perform intense exercise again. Intensity is the key, expect to work hard and sweat!

This type of training is called anaerobic, because it occurs with an increased demand for oxygen that your body cannot supply. In other words you are creating an oxygen debt or what is now known as EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption). By creating this increased demand for oxygen your metabolism will remain at an elevated state for several hours, even after your workout. Depending on the intensity and mode of interval training you can boost your metabolism for up to 38 hours post exercise. You’ll be burning calories at an increased level; even while you are sleeping!

Anaerobic interval training can be performed in several different ways. Intervals can be performed utilizing cardio equipment, weights, or both. Anaerobic training, especially when resistance training is implemented helps your body gain and maintain lean body tissue (muscle). Muscle is important for raising your metabolism and in turn burning fat. A maintained muscle gain of five pounds will actually burn 26 pounds of fat in a year.